2. Here's a different take on this idea: Instead of a "steampunk" world, make it an industrial world at the beginning of its space age. One of the world's two or three superpowers has just launched the first ever satellite, which is promptly hit by a container of space trash, sending both objects hurtling back to the planet.
The wreckage of both objects lands in a neutral nation, and the world discovers that the space trash is extra-terrestrial in nature and came from the rings of one of the system's outer gas giants. The superpowers begin to build up their space programs with the intention of reaching that gas giant first (to secure the "surely advanced" alien technology, so they can reverse engineer it and gain an advantage in their ongoing cold war).
Fast forward several years (10-12 or so), and at least two nations have reached the origin of the space trash...an independent group of miners from the Federation, based on a moon with an atmosphere (maybe the gas giant is actually a brown dwarf, allowing the combined heat from the center star and the brown dwarf to make the moon habitable). The miners are gathering materiel from the gas giant/brown dwarf's rings, apparently unaware that there's a civilization on one of the inner planets.
Enter the PCs. Starfleet has become aware of the miners and send the PCs to suspend their operations (due to some regulation mining without proper rights being granted or something). They find the miners under siege/captured by/caught between the two or three rivals, and must resolve the situation peacefully and get the miners safely away.
3. Instead of the two colonies, make it one, and use the plot to examine the consequences of an extreme post-industrial society where robots perform all of the menial labor, manufacturing and service tasks. The technical expertise of the society long ago gave way to a civilization filled with artists and philosophers.
The colony's infrastructure has begun to fail. Robots are no longer manufactured, and the ones built to maintain and repair other robots have failed in recent years. Now, the society is facing total collapse as the other robots are ceasing to function, and no one knows how to fix them or perform their technical jobs. They call for help, and the PCs are the ones who respond.
Is this a Prime Directive situation? Should the colony be allowed to fail and fall into anarchy? Or should the PCs find a way to get some part of the robot workforce running again and arrange for the Federation to send advisers to train some colonists in technology? What if the colony leaders resist the idea of learning to perform manual labor, or react so badly to the idea, they send their robot guards after the PCs? Do the PCs look to incite a revolution to save the society?
Davy Jones
"Frightened? My dear, you are looking at a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe! I was petrified."
-- The Wizard of Oz